国际法律视野｜新加坡法律制度介绍（二）——仲裁、调解与国际商事法庭的实务选择

新加坡的枢纽地位并非偶然，而是基于法律体系、制度创新与国际合作的系统性构建，其核心优势体现在三个维度：

Singapore's pivotal position is not accidental, but a systematic construction based on its legal system, institutional innovation, and international cooperation. Its core advantages are reflected in three dimensions:

新加坡司法系统以高效、廉洁、专业著称，其独立的司法权不受行政干预，判决与裁决的一致性和可预测性获得国际社会广泛认可。正如李显龙资政所言，强有力的法治是新加坡模式的基石，这种公信力使得外国投资者确信“合同可以执行，纠纷将得到迅速公正的解决”。新加坡最高法院的判例不仅在普通法国家被广泛引用，更在大陆法辖区获得尊重，这种跨法系的认可度为跨境争议解决提供了关键保障。

The Singaporean judicial system is renowned for its efficiency, integrity, and professionalism. Its independent judicial power is not subject to administrative interference, and the consistency and predictability of judgments and rulings have been widely recognized by the international community. As Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong has stated, a strong rule of law is the cornerstone of the Singapore model, and this credibility convinces foreign investors that 'contracts can be enforced and disputes will be resolved quickly and fairly'. The precedents of the Supreme Court of Singapore are not only widely cited in common law countries, but also respected in civil law jurisdictions. This cross legal recognition provides a key guarantee for cross-border dispute resolution.

新加坡构建了全球罕见的争议解决生态系统：新加坡国际仲裁中心（SIAC）、新加坡国际商事法庭（SICC）与新加坡国际调解中心（SIMC）形成功能互补，配合麦士威国际争议解决中心的硬件支持，实现了从预防、调解到仲裁、诉讼的全链条服务。这种体系化布局允许当事人根据争议进展灵活切换程序，如SIMC与SIAC联合推出的“仲裁-调解-仲裁”（AMA）程序，已成为跨境争议解决的创新典范。

Singapore has built a rare global dispute resolution ecosystem: the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), the Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC), and the Singapore International Mediation Centre (SIMC) complement each other's functions, and with the hardware support of the Maxwell International Dispute Resolution Centre, they have achieved a full chain service from prevention, mediation to arbitration and litigation. This systematic layout allows parties to flexibly switch procedures based on the progress of disputes, such as the "Arbitration Mediation Arbitration" (AMA) program jointly launched by SIMC and SIAC, which has become an innovative model for cross-border dispute resolution.

作为《纽约公约》《海牙选择法院协议公约》《新加坡调解公约》等核心国际条约的缔约国，新加坡的裁决与判决可在全球150多个国家和地区得到执行。SICC的判决借助海牙公约框架，能直接在欧盟、英国、墨西哥等30个缔约辖区执行，而SIAC裁决的执行率长期保持在90%以上，这种强大的跨境执行能力是企业选择新加坡作为争议解决地的关键考量。

As a signatory to core international treaties such as the New York Convention, The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, and the Singapore Convention on Mediation, Singapore's rulings and judgments can be enforced in over 150 countries and regions worldwide. SICC's judgments can be directly enforced in 30 contracting jurisdictions including the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Mexico through the framework of the Hague Convention, while the enforcement rate of SIAC's rulings has remained above 90% for a long time. This strong cross-border enforcement capability is a key consideration for companies choosing Singapore as a dispute resolution destination.

2025年1月1日生效的第7版《SIAC仲裁规则》（以下简称“2025 新规”）在广泛征求全球用户意见后，推出多项突破性改革，进一步巩固了SIAC作为全球最受欢迎仲裁机构的地位。其核心创新聚焦于效率提升与程序灵活性，尤其在简易程序、紧急救济等领域实现了质的飞跃。

The 7th edition of the SIAC Arbitration Rules (hereinafter referred to as the "2025 New Rules"), which will come into effect on January 1, 2025, has launched multiple breakthrough reforms after widely soliciting opinions from global users, further consolidating SIAC's position as the most popular arbitration institution in the world. Its core innovation focuses on improving efficiency and program flexibility, especially achieving a qualitative leap in areas such as simplified procedures and emergency relief.

2025新规最显著的突破是建立了“简易程序-快速程序-普通程序”的三级审理体系，精准匹配不同争议的需求：

The most significant breakthrough of the 2025 New Rules is the establishment of a three-level review system of "simplified procedure fast procedure ordinary procedure", which accurately matches the needs of different disputes:

简易程序：针对争议金额不超过100万新币的案件自动适用，采用独任仲裁员审理，仲裁员任命与回避期限压缩至3天，原则上仅依据书面文件审理，裁决需在组庭后3个月内作出。这一程序将小型争议的解决周期缩短50%以上，大幅降低了中小企业的争议解决成本。

Simplified procedure: automatically applicable for cases with a dispute amount not exceeding SGD 1 million, using a sole arbitrator for trial. The appointment and recusal period for arbitrators is compressed to 3 days, and in principle, only written documents are used for trial. The award must be made within 3 months after the formation of the tribunal. This program shortens the resolution cycle for small disputes by more than 50%, significantly reducing the dispute resolution costs for small and medium-sized enterprises.

快速程序：适用门槛从600万新币提升至1000万新币，取消“异常紧急”的适用限制，改为“根据案件具体情况确有必要”即可启动，赋予仲裁院更大的自由裁量权。

Quick Procedure: The threshold for application has been raised from SGD 6 million to SGD 10 million, and the restriction on "exceptionally urgent" application has been removed. It can now be activated based on the specific circumstances of the case, giving the arbitration tribunal greater discretion.

普通程序：新增“协同程序”与“先期决定”机制，允许对关联仲裁案件进行合并审理，对管辖权、合同效力等先决问题可申请先行裁决，避免程序拖延。

Ordinary program: Added a "collaborative program" and "preliminary decision" mechanism, allowing for the consolidation of related arbitration cases for trial. For preliminary issues such as jurisdiction and contract effectiveness, preliminary arbitration can be applied for to avoid procedural delays.

针对跨境争议中常见的资产保全需求，2025新规对紧急仲裁员程序进行了革命性优化。

In response to the common asset preservation needs in cross-border disputes, the 2025 new regulations have revolutionized the emergency arbitrator procedure.

启动时点扩展：当事人可在提交仲裁通知前申请紧急救济，只需在7日内补提仲裁通知即可维持程序效力，解决了传统仲裁中“救济滞后”的痛点。

Extension of starting point: Parties can apply for emergency relief before submitting the arbitration notice, and only need to submit the arbitration notice within 7 days to maintain the effectiveness of the procedure, solving the pain point of "relief lag" in traditional arbitration.

效率极致提升：SIAC需在收到申请后24小时内任命紧急仲裁员，仲裁员须在24小时内确定审理时间表，并可在一方缺席情况下审理，裁决出具期限缩短至14天。

Ultimate efficiency improvement: SIAC needs to appoint an emergency arbitrator within 24 hours after receiving the application. The arbitrator must determine the trial schedule within 24 hours and can conduct the trial in the absence of one party. The deadline for issuing the award is shortened to 14 days.

创新性保护命令：允许当事人在不通知对方的情况下申请“临时性保护命令”，防止对方转移资产或销毁证据，申请人需在命令签发后 12小时内履行告知义务，实现了程序正义与紧急需求的平衡。

Innovative protection order: allows parties to apply for a "temporary protection order" without notifying the other party, preventing the other party from transferring assets or destroying evidence. The applicant must fulfill the obligation of notification within 12 hours after the order is issued, achieving a balance between procedural justice and urgent needs.

2025年3月，新加坡某科技公司与马来西亚供应商因软件许可费支付产生80万新币争议。根据2025新规，该案自动适用简易程序，SIAC在3日内任命独任仲裁员，通过线上书面审理，最终在组庭后2 个月即作出裁决。相较于旧规则下的快速程序，该案节省了40%的时间成本与30%的费用支出，充分体现了简易程序对中小跨境争议的适配性。

In March 2025, a Singaporean technology company and a Malaysian supplier had a dispute of SGD 800000 over software license fee payments. According to the new regulations of 2025, the case will automatically apply the simplified procedure, and SIAC will appoint a sole arbitrator within 3 days, conduct an online written hearing, and finally make an award 2 months after the court is formed. Compared to the fast procedure under the old rules, this case saved 40% of time costs and 30% of expenses, fully demonstrating the adaptability of simplified procedures to small and medium-sized cross-border disputes.

2015年成立的新加坡国际商事法庭（SICC）通过吸收仲裁灵活性与诉讼权威性的双重优势，创造了独特的“仲裁式诉讼”模式。截至2025年，SICC已任命24名来自大陆法系与普通法系的国际法官，处理了多起标的额超10亿美元的跨境争议，其程序设计被李显龙资政称为“国际商事纠纷解决的新加坡方案”。

The Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC), established in 2015, has created a unique "arbitration style litigation" model by absorbing the dual advantages of arbitration flexibility and litigation authority. As of 2025, SICC has appointed 24 international judges from both civil law and common law systems to handle multiple cross-border disputes involving amounts exceeding $1 billion. Its program design has been referred to by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong as the "Singapore solution for international commercial dispute resolution".

SICC的“仲裁式”特色体现在程序设计的每一个环节。

The "arbitration style" feature of SICC is reflected in every aspect of program design.

程序灵活性：当事人可约定适用《国际律师协会国际仲裁取证规则》替代新加坡本土证据规则，默认文件出示标准与国际仲裁接轨，避免了传统诉讼中的过度披露负担。

Procedural flexibility: The parties may agree to apply the International Bar Association's International Arbitration Evidence Rules instead of Singapore's domestic evidence rules, assuming that the standard of document presentation is in line with international arbitration, avoiding the burden of excessive disclosure in traditional litigation.

法官主导管理：通过早期个案管理会议明确争议焦点，法官可直接简化程序、控制成本，这种“法官主导型”模式比传统诉讼效率提升 60%以上。

Judge led management: By clarifying the focus of disputes through early case management meetings, judges can directly simplify procedures and control costs. This "judge led" model improves efficiency by more than 60% compared to traditional litigation.

国际化保障：允许注册外国律师代理离岸案件，外国法律问题可通过律师陈词而非专家证言认定，大幅降低了跨国诉讼的法律适配成本。

Internationalization guarantee: Allow registered foreign lawyers to represent offshore cases, and foreign legal issues can be determined through lawyer statements rather than expert testimony, significantly reducing the legal adaptation costs of cross-border litigation.

第三方资助：2021年起允许第三方资助诉讼与上诉程序，为财务受限的企业提供了权利救济途径。

Third party funding: Starting from 2021, third-party funding is allowed for litigation and appeal procedures, providing a remedy for financially constrained enterprises.

SICC对案件的“国际性”采用弹性解释，只要一方当事人营业地在新加坡境外、主要义务履行地在境外或当事人同意争议具有跨国性，即符合管辖条件。其判决作为新加坡最高法院判决，可通过三种路径跨境执行：一是借助《海牙选择法院协议公约》在30个缔约国执行；二是通过双边协议在中、日、东盟等国家执行；三是依据普通法互惠原则在英联邦国家执行。

SICC adopts a flexible interpretation of the "internationality" of cases, as long as one party has its place of business outside Singapore, its main obligations are performed overseas, or the parties agree that the dispute has a transnational nature, it meets the jurisdictional conditions. As a judgment of the Supreme Court of Singapore, its judgment can be enforced across borders through three channels: firstly, it can be enforced in 30 contracting countries through the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements; Secondly, it is implemented through bilateral agreements in countries such as China, Japan, and ASEAN; Thirdly, it is implemented in Commonwealth countries based on the principle of common law reciprocity.

2024年，SICC在15天内批准某跨国企业3 亿美元跨境重组计划，涉及5个司法管辖区的法律团队，充分展现了其跨境争议处理能力。

In 2024, SICC approved a $300 million cross-border restructuring plan for a multinational corporation within 15 days, involving legal teams from five jurisdictions, fully demonstrating its cross-border dispute resolution capabilities.

在2024年DKB诉DKC强制执行案中，SICC展现了对复杂跨境争议的处理智慧。该案中，瑞士仲裁裁决受让方DKB向SICC申请执行 3.159亿美元裁决，而被申请人DKC以美国制裁导致履约不能为由抗辩，并依据和解协议中的仲裁条款要求中止执行。SICC最终驳回DKB 补充专家证据的申请，明确外国法律问题应通过律师陈词解决，避免了程序拖延。此案凸显了SICC在程序效率与实体正义间的平衡艺术，也提醒企业在跨境协议中需预设制裁应对条款。

In the 2024 DKB v. DKC enforcement case, SICC demonstrated its wisdom in handling complex cross-border disputes. In this case, the transferee DKB of the Swiss arbitration award applied to SICC for the enforcement of a $315.9 million award, while the respondent DKC argued that the inability to perform was due to US sanctions and requested a suspension of enforcement based on the arbitration clause in the settlement agreement. SICC ultimately rejected DKB's application to supplement expert evidence, clarifying that foreign legal issues should be resolved through lawyer statements, avoiding procedural delays. This case highlights SICC's art of balancing procedural efficiency and substantive justice, and also reminds companies to include sanction response clauses in cross-border agreements.

2020年生效的《新加坡调解公约》（以下简称《公约》）填补了跨境和解协议执行的国际空白，而新加坡通过《2020年调解法案》构建的双轨制衔接体系，成为公约实施的全球典范。截至2025年，已有56个国家签署《公约》，新加坡法院已处理超过200起公约下的执行申请，成功率达85%。

The Singapore Convention on Mediation (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention"), which came into effect in 2020, fills the international gap in the implementation of cross-border settlement agreements, and Singapore's dual track linkage system constructed through the Mediation Act 2020 has become a global model for the implementation of the Convention. As of 2025, 56 countries have signed the Convention, and Singaporean courts have processed over 200 enforcement applications under the Convention, with a success rate of 85%.

新加坡对《公约》下和解协议的执行采用“有限审查”原则，执行路径清晰明确。

Singapore adopts the principle of "limited review" for the implementation of settlement agreements under the Convention, and the implementation path is clear and explicit.

资格认定：需满足三项条件，分别是由调解产生、涉及商事争议、具有国际性（当事人营业地位于不同公约缔约国），且排除法院或仲裁庭批准的和解协议。

Qualification determination: Three conditions must be met, namely arising from mediation, involving commercial disputes, having international characteristics (the parties' places of business are located in different contracting states of the convention), and excluding settlement agreements approved by courts or arbitration tribunals.

申请材料：申请人需提交和解协议原件、调解员签署的确认书、身份证明等文件，无需对协议实体内容进行实质审查。

Application materials: The applicant is required to submit the original settlement agreement, a confirmation letter signed by the mediator, identification documents, etc. There is no need to conduct substantive examination of the substantive content of the agreement.

审查标准：仅依据《公约》第5条规定的拒绝理由审查，包括和解协议无效、调解员缺乏资质、程序不公等情形，审查周期通常不超过30天。

Review criteria: Based solely on the reasons for refusal stipulated in Article 5 of the Convention, including invalidity of settlement agreements, lack of qualifications of mediators, unfair procedures, etc., the review period usually does not exceed 30 days.

新加坡国际调解中心（SIMC）推出的“调解-仲裁确认”机制，完美解决了和解协议的执行难题：当事人达成调解协议后，可申请SIAC或SICC将其转化为仲裁裁决或法院命令，借助《纽约公约》或双边协议实现全球执行。2024年，在WIPO-新加坡东盟调解计划（AMP）处理的 The Beauty Nation 商标纠纷案中，中马两国企业就中药产品商标争议达成和解，通过该机制将协议转化为可执行裁决，仅用6 周即完成跨境执行。

The "Mediation Arbitration Confirmation" mechanism launched by the Singapore International Mediation Centre (SIMC) perfectly solves the difficulty of enforcing settlement agreements: after the parties reach a mediation agreement, they can apply to SIAC or SICC to convert it into an arbitration award or court order, and achieve global enforcement through the New York Convention or bilateral agreements. In 2024, in the Beauty Nation trademark dispute handled by the WIPO Singapore ASEAN Mediation Program (AMP), Chinese and Malaysian companies reached a settlement on the trademark dispute of traditional Chinese medicine products. Through this mechanism, the agreement was transformed into an enforceable ruling and cross-border enforcement was completed in just 6 weeks.

2023年，新加坡Chew's Optics与两家关联企业因商标授权争议启动诉讼，涉案商标在东盟三国注册，传统诉讼预计耗时2年。当事人最终选择AMP调解程序，由新加坡律师担任调解员，在1天内达成和解协议，明确了各企业的商标使用范围。凭借调解员签署的确认书，该协议在新加坡、马来西亚、印尼三国顺利执行，不仅节省了90%的时间成本，更维护了家族企业间的合作关系。此案印证了调解在知识产权跨境争议中的独特价值。

In 2023, Chew's Optics in Singapore and two affiliated companies initiated a lawsuit over a trademark authorization dispute. The involved trademark was registered in three ASEAN countries, and traditional litigation is expected to take two years. The parties ultimately chose the AMP mediation procedure, with Singaporean lawyers serving as mediators, and reached a settlement agreement within one day, clarifying the scope of trademark use for each company. With the confirmation letter signed by the mediator, the agreement was successfully implemented in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, saving not only 90% of time costs but also maintaining the cooperative relationship between family businesses. This case confirms the unique value of mediation in cross-border intellectual property disputes.

企业选择争议解决方式需综合考量争议性质、金额、关系维护需求等多重因素，结合新加坡三大机制的特色，可构建如下选择框架。

Enterprises need to comprehensively consider multiple factors such as the nature, amount, and maintenance needs of disputes when choosing dispute resolution methods. Combining the characteristics of Singapore's three major mechanisms, the following selection framework can be constructed.

小额简单争议（100万新币以下）：优先适用SIAC 2025新规中的简易程序，3个月内可获得裁决，费用仅为普通仲裁的40%。典型场景包括贸易尾款纠纷、小型服务合同争议等。

Small simple disputes (below SGD 1 million): Priority will be given to the simplified procedures under the SIAC 2025 new regulations, which can be resolved within 3 months at a cost of only 40% of regular arbitration. Typical scenarios include trade final payment disputes, small-scale service contract disputes, etc.

中额复杂争议（100-1000万新币）：SIAC快速程序或SICC诉讼均可。若需保密则选仲裁，若需公开判决树立行业标杆则选SICC。

Medium sized complex disputes (SGD 1-10 million): SIAC expedited procedures or SICC litigation are both acceptable. If confidentiality is required, arbitration should be chosen; if public judgment is needed to establish industry standards, SICC should be chosen.

大额多方法争议（1000万新币以上）：SICC是更优选择，其允许追加第三方、程序透明度高、判决执行范围广的优势，在股东纠纷、跨境重组等案件中尤为突出。

Large scale multi method disputes (over SGD 10 million): SICC is a better choice, as it allows for the addition of third parties, has high procedural transparency, and has a wide range of judgment execution, which is particularly prominent in shareholder disputes, cross-border restructuring, and other cases.

需维持合作关系：优先选择调解，特别是SIMC的AMA程序，和解后可转化为仲裁裁决保障执行。2024年，哈萨克斯坦发展商与新加坡建筑公司通过调解解决钻油台质量争议，不仅达成赔偿协议，更延续了长期合作关系。

Need to maintain cooperative relationship: Priority should be given to mediation, especially SIMC's AMA program, which can be converted into an arbitration award to ensure enforcement after settlement. In 2024, a Kazakhstani developer and a Singaporean construction company resolved a dispute over the quality of a drilling rig through mediation, not only reaching a compensation agreement but also continuing their long-term cooperative relationship.

无需维持关系：可选择SIAC仲裁或SICC诉讼。知识产权侵权、欺诈等争议中，仲裁的保密性或诉讼的威慑力可根据需求选择。

No need to maintain relationship: You can choose SIAC arbitration or SICC litigation. In disputes such as intellectual property infringement and fraud, the confidentiality of arbitration or the deterrent power of litigation can be chosen according to the needs.

全球执行需求：SIAC仲裁裁决依托《纽约公约》可在150多个国家执行，是跨国企业的首选。

Global enforcement demand: SIAC arbitration awards can be enforced in over 150 countries based on the New York Convention, making them the preferred choice for multinational corporations.

特定区域执行：若执行地集中在欧盟、英国，SICC判决借助《海牙公约》更为便捷；若在东盟区域，AMP调解协议的执行效率更高。

Specific regional execution: If the execution is concentrated in the European Union or the United Kingdom, SICC judgments are more convenient through the Hague Convention; If in the ASEAN region, the implementation efficiency of the AMP mediation agreement is higher.